Ma Hushan

Ma Hushan

Ma Hushan
Born 馬虎山 1910
Gansu
Died 1954
Lanzhou
Allegiance Republic of China
Years of service 1929-1954
Rank general
Unit 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
Commands held Deputy Divisional Commander of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)[1] then promoted to Chief of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
Battles/wars Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang, Charkhlik Revolt, Xinjiang War (1937), Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950-1958)
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma.

Ma Hu-shan (1910—1954; simplified Chinese: 马虎山; traditional Chinese: 馬虎山; pinyin: Mǎ Hushān) was the half-brother and follower of Ma Chung-ying, a Ma Clique warlord. He ruled over an area of southern Xinjiang, nicknamed Tunganistan by westerners from 1934 to 1937.[2]

Contents

Tunganistan

Ma Hushan fought against the Russian Red Army and White Russian forces during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and defeated them in battle.[1][3]

Ma Hushan also took part in the war to destroy the First East Turkestan Republic, commanding the 36th division at the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Khotan.[4]

The 36th division under General Ma Hushan crushed a the Charkhlik Revolt by the Uighurs in the Charkhlik oasis.[5]

The 36th division under General Ma Hushan controlled southern Xinjiang's oasis and was nicknamed "Tunganistan" by Peter Fleming. Ma Hushan and the 36th division declared their loyalty to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing and sent emissaries to Nanjing requesting aid to fight against Sheng Shicai's provincial forces and the Soviet Union.

Khotan was the base of Ma Hu-shan during his rule over the southern oases.[6]

Ma Hushan's troops were said to be "strongly anti-Japanese", and the territory they ruled was covered with "most of the stock anti-Japanese slogans from China proper", and Ma made "Resistance to Japanese Imperialism", part of his governing doctrine.[7] Ma Hushan was described by Ella Maillart as a "well-set-up long-legged man".[8]

Carpet Factory

Ma's regime forced the switch from the old style to the manufacture of Chinese style carpets by the government owned factory.[9]

Ma Hu-shan ordered for the created of "small blue carpets", "woven in Khotan". They were of Chinese design, with Chinese writing on them. Peter Birchler mistakenly said that Ma Hushan's borther in law Ma Zhongying was the client of the carpet factory.[10]

Xinjiang War (1937)

After Ma's troops were defeated by Sheng Shicai and the Soviets, or deserted or defected, Ma fled to British India.[11] He brought thousands of ounces in gold, which was confisticated by the British.[12] The British kept the money used on detaining Ma Hushan's troops and also for the alleged "looting" of British property in Kashgar, then sent the money "back" to Sheng Shicai's regime.[13] He was detained by the British, then he took a steamer from Calcutta back to China, Qinghai province in 1938.[14]

A memorial was set up by the Soviet puppet Sheng Shicai to dead Russians who were killed in combat by Ma Hushan.[15]

Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950-1958)

Ma led the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950-1958) against the PLA from 1950-1954 using guerilla tactics. He was captured in 1954 and executed at Lanzhou.[16][17]

References

  1. ^ a b M. Rafiq Khan (1963). Islam in China. Delhi: National Academy. p. 63. http://books.google.com/books?ei=q30aTMiYCI6ONtGT1O8F&ct=result&id=2iE-AAAAIAAJ&dq=ma+hu-shan&q=Deputy+Divisional+Commander+of+the+36th+Division+. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  2. ^ Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521255141. 
  3. ^ Dickens, Mark. "The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949". Oxus Communications. http://oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  4. ^ Chahryar Adle, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva (2005). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century. UNESCO. p. 395. ISBN 9231039857. http://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC&pg=PA395&dq=ma+hu-shan+victories&hl=en&ei=mJzsTKi7Dcb_lgeExLmWAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-28. 
  5. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 134. ISBN 0521255147. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=Charkhlik+ma+hu-shan&hl=en&ei=9C0YTPaRI8aAlAfJs8CUDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Charkhlik%20uighur%20rising%20put%20down%20by%20the%20tungans&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  6. ^ Kumara Padmanabha Sivasankara Menon (1947). Delhi-Chungking: a travel diary. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 103. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGUyAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1937+when+Gillett+visited+these+oases,+they+were+under+the+iron+yoke+of+their+fellow-religionists,+the+Tungans;+and+Ma+Hu-shan,+the+Tungan+rebel+leader,+had+his+headquarters+in+Khotan.+The+Tungans,+however,+were+soon&dq=In+1937+when+Gillett+visited+these+oases,+they+were+under+the+iron+yoke+of+their+fellow-religionists,+the+Tungans;+and+Ma+Hu-shan,+the+Tungan+rebel+leader,+had+his+headquarters+in+Khotan.+The+Tungans,+however,+were+soon&hl=en&ei=-H3yTYnVHZKFtgfXuPjpBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2011-06-09. [1]
  7. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130. ISBN 9780521255141. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=ma+hushan&source=bl&ots=KzhNeXbjkT&sig=raCQibpp88Cf8Unpi8k-7jcQM-k&hl=en&ei=xCcqTPnrCoGBlAfV5rzmAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCIQ6AEwBQ#v=snippet&q=anti%20japanese%20slogans&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  8. ^ Ella Maillart (2003). Forbidden journey: from Peking to Kashmir (illustrated ed.). Northwestern University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0810119854. http://books.google.com/books?ei=X8zlTZijLYTL0AHI3-n1Cg&ct=result&id=ULrtAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+bu-fang+the+governor+has+not+seen&q=ma+bu-fang+. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  9. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 131. ISBN 0521255147. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=carpets+commissioned+by+ma+hu-shan&hl=en&ei=XmvyTZWmNZTrgQeg87S_Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  10. ^ Hali, The international magazine of antique carpet and textile art, Issues 135-137. Oguz Press. 2004. p. 69. http://books.google.com/books?ei=iWryTaXoOI25twfen6SeAw&ct=result&id=pUfWAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+hu-shan+carpets&q=hu-shan. Retrieved 2011-06-09. [2][3]
  11. ^ Sven Hedin (2009). The Silk Road: Ten Thousand Miles Through Central Asia. I. B. Tauris. pp. 309. ISBN 1845118987. http://books.google.com/books?ei=T-MiTJD9A4WKlwfhttjNDQ&ct=result&id=e5HtAAAAMAAJ&dq=soviets+defeated+by+tungans&q=ma+ho-san. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  12. ^ Great Britain. Foreign Office (1997). British documents on foreign affairs--reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From 1940 through 1945. Asia, Part 3. University Publications of America. pp. 401. ISBN 1556556748. http://books.google.com/books?id=LmKQAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1937,+following+on+the+Mahometan+rebellion+which+had+been+proceeding+in+Southern+Sinkiang,+a+Chinese+Moslem+(or+%22+Tungan+%22)+general+named+Ma+Hu-shan,+fled+from+Chinese+Turkestan+to+India,+taking+with+him+some+thousands+of+ounces+of&dq=In+1937,+following+on+the+Mahometan+rebellion+which+had+been+proceeding+in+Southern+Sinkiang,+a+Chinese+Moslem+(or+%22+Tungan+%22)+general+named+Ma+Hu-shan,+fled+from+Chinese+Turkestan+to+India,+taking+with+him+some+thousands+of+ounces+of&hl=en&ei=3pzsTNqZO4WdlgeirdiLAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-10-28. 
  13. ^ Alastair Lamb (1991). Kashmir: a disputed legacy, 1846-1990 (3, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 019577423X. http://books.google.com/books?ei=8n7yTZCgOJKugQf_g53mCw&ct=result&id=YQ5WAAAAYAAJ&dq=Tungan+refugees+in+Srinagar+and+compensating+some+of+the+British+subjects+resident+in+Kashgaria+for+looting+by+Ma+Hu-shan+and+his+men+before+they+took+flight+to+India.+38.+The+trade+across+the+Karakoram+Pass+was+of+no+great+value&q=ma+hu-shan+looting. Retrieved 2011-06-09. [4]
  14. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 143. ISBN 0521255147. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=ma+hu-shan&hl=en&ei=hvMiTPLaEoH6lweLsNC9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20hu-shan%20calcutta&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  15. ^ [5]
  16. ^ Hao-jan Kao (1960). The Imam's story. Hong Kong: Green Pagoda Press. pp. 106. 
  17. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 310. ISBN 0521255147. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=ma+hu-shan&hl=en&ei=fSQYTNMFhryVB46G2NoL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=ma%20hu-shan%20career%20petty%20captured%20executed%20lanchow%20in%201954&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 

External links

Warlord era in early Republic of China (1916–1930)
Main events (1916–1920) Main events (1920–1930) Northern Factions Southern Factions